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Psychology - 11
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Section A
1. The Subject of Psychology
i. Definition of Psychology; Nature - bio Science, Social Science or Pure Science; Schools of thought- Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviourism, Psychoanalysis, Gestalt Psychology.
Definition of Psychology, Subject Matter/ Nature of Psychology as a bioscience, social science or pure science. The eclectic approach of modern Psychology. emergence of Psychology as an Independent discipline- different views regarding the nature of this
ii. Fields of Psychology - Clinical, Counselling, Developmental, educational, Organizational and Social
The General importance and aims of studying Psychology and its Special benefits. Applications - different branches and the kind of work done in special fields - clinical, counselling, developmental, educational, organizational and Social (in Brief)
iii. Heredity and Environment - Meaning of the term 'Heredity' basic principles and mechanism of heredity. meaning of the term environment; importance of both heredity and environment in behaviour
The role of Chromosomes; the laws of heredity: uniformity and variability.Significance of environment: Physical and Social, How Both Heredity and environment interact to produce behaviour
2. Methods of Psychology
i. Scientific Methods usd in Psychology- Observation, case study, Surveys, Psychological Tests, experimentation - steps. Psychological and their uses
The application of Scientific Methods in the Study of behaviour. What is meant by Scientific Observation? Field Study; controlled and Uncontrolled observation; longitudinal and cross sectional studies; the case history method; the experimental method - v
ii. Interpretation or research results - use of statistics in interpretation of data understanding of why statistics is used (Descriptive & Inferential). Basic statistical concepts - statistics, sample, population
Why statistics used in Psychology Interpretation of findings; Describing and Summarizing data, comparing individuals/groups, investigating relationships between variables, predicting. Descriptive Statistics - for summarizing scores. Inferential statistics
How scores are grouped into frequency distributions; central tendency of a frequency distribution -mean,median, mode and when each measure is used; dispersion: the extent to which scores are spread out - range, variance, standard deviation; why both cent
3. Attention and Perception
i. Nature of Attention - its inner and outer determinants
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The Importance of attention in Perception how both physical factors such as size, colour, movement , change, intensity, contrast and psychological factors such as need, interest and emotion determine attention and perception
ii. Perception Processes - difference between sensation and perception. Organizational Principles of perception - laws, constancies, depth and colour perception
Process Involved in transforming sensation to perception. important factors in perceptual process - figure and ground, laws of grouping: Similarity, proximity, continuation, simplicity, good figure; constancy of size, shape and colour; factors involved in
iii. Errors in Perception - Illusions of size and shape; what is meant by extra sensory perception (ESP)
False Interpretations - illusions:Muller-Lyer Height - Width, Ponzo, Zoellner, Poggendorf; ESP - perceptions based on any of the known senses (general Understanding of ESP)
Section B
4. Emotions and Motivation
i. What is meant by Emotion; the basic emotions
Subjective and Cognitive experience, Psychological reactions and overt Expression. Primary Emotions - fear, anger, joy, sorrow, affection
ii. Theories of emotion dealing with psychological, subjective and cognitive aspects
James Lange, Cannon Bard, Schachter - Singer Theories
iii. What is meant by Motives, needs and instincts; unconscious motives
Motivation as an internal force generating certain behaviour - biological needs and homeostasis; instincts as unlearned and physiological desires; evidence indicating the existence of unconscious motives. Intrinsic - the desire to perform activities of th
iv. Theories of Motivation
Pull and Push theories, optimum Arousal theory and Expectancy theory - Graphic representation of Maslow's Needs Hierarchy
v. Social Motives
Three Distinctively motives: Achievement - Accomplishing difficult tasks; Power - Exerting influence over others; Aggression - Learning and Control of Humans
vi. Frustration - Blocking of motives; Conflict among Motives
Frustration as a result of motives not finding free or adequate expression. Different Types of Conflict among motives: Approach-Approach avoidance-avoidance, multiple approach-avoidance
5. Learning
i. What is meant by Learning; how Learning takes Place - Classical and Operant Conditioning Insight Learning, Observational Learning and Learning Styles
Definition of Learning - Pavlov and Classical Conditioning; Thorndike and Trial and Error; Skinner and Operant Conditioning; Experiments, findings and Principles established. Insight and Observational Learning Styles - Auditory, Visual and kinesthetic
ii. Learning Disabilities:definition and types
Characteristics of the disabilities - Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, dysgraphia, dyspraxia Adjustment problems and Coping with Academics
6. Remembering and Forgetting
i. The Memory System - how it works - Different models
Sensory memory, Short and Long Tern Memory - Encoding, Storage, retrieval. Semantic and Procedural memory.Processing memory - the
ii. Why and how they are formed
Definition: Importance of concepts in thinking - artificial, natural, simple and complex concepts
iii. How memory can be improved
Attention use of imagery, Mnemonic devices, application of principles of learning
7. Thinking, Problem Solving and Creativity
i. What is meant by thinking
Nature and elements of thinking: images, concepts and language - interdependence of language and thought; different kinds of thinking:Convergent, divergent, creative, goal - oriented and aimless thinking
ii. Concepts and how they are formed
Definition- importance of concepts in thinking-artificial natural simple and complex concepts
iii. Reasoning - how it is carried out; common errors in reasoning, how reasoning can be made more effective. Decision Making and Problem solving- heuristics and algorithms
Reaching specific conclusions from available information- deductive and inductive reasoning; common errors - faulty premises and ambiguities guarding against emotion. Decision making and Problem solving - steps involved, optimum expected utility, means en
iv. Creative thinking - what is meant by convergent and divergent thinking; stages in creative thinking, how creative can be fostered
Use of Divergent Thinking in creativity - stages in creative thinking, preparation, incubation, illumination, verification/validation. How creativity may be encourage independence, curiosity and Promote positive mood
11th
ISC Syllabus
Psychology
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