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Fundamentals of Multimedia
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Contents
I. Multimedia Authoring and Data Representations
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I. Introduction to Multimedia
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1.1 What is Multimedia?
1.1.1 Components of Multimedia
1.1.2 Multimedia Research Topics and Projects
1.2 Multimedia and Hypermedia
1.2.1 History of Multimedia
1.2.2 Hypermedia and Multimedia
1.3 World Wide Web
1.3.1 History of the WWW
1.3.2 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
1.3.3 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)
1.3.4 Extensible Markup Language
1.3.5 Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language
1.4 Overview of Multimedia Software Tools
1.4.1 Music Sequencing and Notation
1.4.2 Digital Audio
1.4.3 Graphics and Image Editing
1.4.4 Video Editing
1.4.5 Animation
1.4.6 Multimedia Authoring
1.5 Further Exploration
1.6 Exercises
1.7 References
II. Multimedia Authoring and Tools
2.1 Multimedia Authoring
2.1.1 Multimedia Authoring Metaphors
2.1.2 Multimedia Production
2.1.3 Multimedia Presentation
2.1.4 Automatic Authoring
2.2 Some Useful Editing and Authoring Tools
2.2.1 Adobe Premiere
2.2.2 Macromedia Director
2.2.3 Macromedia Flash
2.2.4 Dreamweaver
2.3 VRML
2.3.1 Overview
2.3.2 Animation and Interactions
2.3.3 VRML Specifies
2.4 Further Exploration
2.5 Exercises
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2.6 References
III. Graphics and Image Data Representations
3.1 Graphics/ Image Data Types
3.1.1 I -Bit Images
3.1.2 8- Bit Gray - Level Images
3.1.3 Image Data Types
3.1.4 24- Bit Color Images
3.1.5 8 - Bit Color Images
3.1.6 Color Look Up Tables (LUTs)
3.2 Popular File Formats
3.2.1 GIF
3.2.2 JPEG
3.2.3 PNG
3.2.4 TIFF
3.2.5 EXIF
3.2.6 Graphics Animation Files
3.2.7 PS and PDF
3.2.8 Windows WMF
3.2.9 Windows BMP
3.2.10 Macintosh PAINT and PICT
3.2.11 X Windows PPM
3.3 Further Exploration
3.4 Exercises
3.5 References
IV. Color in Image and Video
4.1 Color Science
4.2 Color Models in Image
4.3 Color Models in Video
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4.4 Further Exploration
4.5 Exercises
4.6 References
V. Fundamental Concepts in Videos
5.1 Types of Video Signals
5.1.1 Component Video
5.1.2 Composite Video
5.1.3 S- Video
5.2 Analog Video
5.2.1 NTSC Video
5.2.2 PAL Video
5.2.3 SECAM Video
5.3 Digital Video
5.3.1 Chroma Subsampling
5.3.2 CCIR Standards for Digital Video
5.3.3 High Definition TV (HDTV)
5.4 Further Exploration
5.5 Exercises
5.6 References
VI. Basics of Digital Audio
6.1 Digitization of Sound
6.2 MIDI: Musical Instrument Digital Interface
6.3 Quantization and Transmission of Audio
6.4 Further Exploration
6.5 Exercises
6.6 References
VII. Multimedia Data Compression
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Basics of Information Theory
7.3 Run - Length Coding
7.4 Variable Length Coding (VLC)
7.4.1 Shannon - Fano Algorithm
7.4.2 Huffman Coding
7.4.3 Adaptive Huffman Coding
7.5 Dictionary Based Coding
7.6 Arithmetic Coding
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7.7 Lossless Image Compression
7.7.1 Differential Coding of Images
7.7.2 Lossless JPEG
7.8 Further Exploration
7.9 Exercises
7.10 References
II. Multimedia Data Compression
VIII. Lossy Compression Algorithms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Distortion measures
8.3 The Rate - Distortion theory
8.4 Quantization
8.4.1 Uniform Scalar Quantization
8.4.2 Non uniform Scalar Quantization
8.4.3 Vector Quantization
8.5 Transform Coding
8.5.1 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
8.5.2 Karhunen-Loeve Transform
8.6 Wavelet - Based Coding
8.6.1 Introduction
8.6.2 Continuous Wavelet Transform
8.6.3 Discrete Wavelet Transform
8.7 Wavelet Packets
8.8 Embedded Zerotree of Wavelet Coefficients
8.8.1 The Zero Tree Data Structure
8.8.2 Successive Approximation Quantization
8.8.3 EZW Example
8.9 Set Partitioning in Hierarchal Trees
8.10 Further Exploration
8.11 Exercises
8.12 References
IX. Image Compression Standards
9.1 The JPEG Standard
9.1.1 Main Steps in JPEG Image Compression
9.1.2 JPEG Modes
9.1.3 A Glance at the JPEG Bitsream
9.2 The JPEG2000 Image Compression
9.2.1 Main Steps of JPEG 2000 Image Compression
9.2.2 Adapting EBCOT To JPEG 2000
9.2.3 Regions- of - Interest Coding
9.2.4 Comparison of JPEG and JPEG2000 Performance
9.3 the JPEG- LS Standard
9.3.1 Prediction
9.3.2 Context Determination
9.3.3 Residual Coding
9.3.4 Near-Lossless Mode
9.4 Bilevel Image Compression Standards
9.4.1 The JPIG Standard
9.4.2 The JPIG2 Standard
9.5 Further Exploration
9.6 Exercises
9.7 References
X. Basic Video Compression Techniques
10.1 Introduction to Video Compression
10.2 Video Compression Based on Motion Compensation
10.3 Search for Motion Pictures
10.3.1 Sequential Search
10.3.2 2D Logarithmic Search
10.3.3 Hierarchal Search
10.4 H.261
10.4.1 Intra- Frame (I- Frame) Coding
10.4.2 Inter- Frame (P-Frame) Predictive Coding
10.4.3 Quantization in H.261
10.4.4 H.261 Encoder and Decoder
10.4.5 A Glance at the H.261 Video Bitstream Syntax
10.5 H.263
10.5.1 Motion Compensation in H.263
10.5.2 Optional H.253 Coding Modes
10.5.3 H.263 + and H.263 ++
10.6 Further Exploration
10.7 Exercises
10.8 References
XI. MPEG Video Coding I - MPEG- 1 and 2
11.1 Overview
11.2 MPEG-1
11.2.1 Motion Compensation in MPEG-1
11.2.2 Other Major Differences from H.261
11.2.3 MPEG-1 Video Bitstream
11.3 MPEG-2
11.3.1 Supported Interlaced Video
11.3.2 MPEG - 2 Scalabilities
11.3.3 Other Major Differences from MPEG-1
11.4 Further Exploration
11.5 Exercises
11.6References
XII. MPEG Video Coding II - MPEG
12.1 Overview of MPEG
12.2 Object Based Visual Coding in MPEG
12.2.1 VOP- Based Coding Vs. Frame - Based Coding
12.2.2 Motion Compensation
12.2.3 Texture Coding
12.2.4 Shape Coding
12.2.5 Static Texture Coding
12.2.6 Sprite Coding
12.2.7 Global Motion Compensation
12.3 Synthetic Object Coding in MPEG - 4
12.3.1 2D Mesh Object Coding
12.3.2 3D Model - Based Coding
12.4 MPEG- 4 Part 10/H.264
12.5 MPEG-4 PArt 0/H.264
12.5.1 Core features
12.5.2 Base line Profile Features
12.5.3 Main Profile Features
12.5.4 Extended Profile Features
12.6 MPEG-7
12.6.1 Descriptor (D)
12.6.2 Description Scheme (DS)
12.6.3 Description Definition Language (DDL)
12.7 MPEG-21
12.8 Further Exploration
12.9 Exercises
12.10 References
XIII. Basic Audio Compression Techniques
13.1 ADPCM in Speech Coding
13.2 G.726 ADPCM
13.3 Vocoders
13.3.1 Phase Insensitivity
13.3.2 Channel Vocoder
13.3.3 Formant Vocoder
13.3.4 Linear Predictive Coding
13.3.5 CELP
13.3.6 Hybrid Excitation Vocoders
13.4 Further Exploration
Exercises
References
XIV. MPEG Audio Compression
14.1 Psychoacoustics
14.1.1 Equal Loudness Relations
14.1.2 Frequency Masking
14.1.3 Temporal Masking
14.2 MPEG Audio
14.2.1 MPEG Layers
14.2.2 MPEG Audio Strategy
14.2.3 MPEG Audio Compression Algorithm
14.2.4 MPEG-2 AAC ( Advanced Audio Coding)
14.2.5 MPEG-4 Audio
14.3 Other Commercial Audio Files
14.4 The Future: MPEG-7 and MPEG-21
Further Exploration
Exercises
References
III. Multimedia Communication and Retrieval
15. Computer and Multimedia Networks
15.1 Basics of Computer and Multimedia Networks
15.1.1 OSI Network Layers
15.1.2 TCP/IP Protocols
15.2 Multiplex Technologies
15.2.1 Basics of Multiplexing
15.2.2 Integrated Services Digital Network
15.2.3 Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
15.2.4 A Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)
15.3 LAN and WAN
15.3.1 Local Area Networks (LANs)
15.3.2 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
15.3.3 Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
15.3.4 Gigabit and 10-Gigabit Ethernets
15.4 Access Networks
15.5 Common Peripheral Interfaces
15.6 Further Exploration
New Topic
16. Multimedia Network Communications and Applications
16.1 Quality of Multimedia Data Transmission
16.1.1 Quality of Service (QOS)
16.1.2 QoS for IP protocols
16.1.3 Prioritized Delivery
16.2 Multimedia Over IP
16.2.1 IP - Multicast
16.2.2 RTP ( Real - Time Transport Protocol)
16.2.3 Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP)
16.2.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
16.2.5 Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP)
16.2.6 Internet Telephony
16.3 Multimedia Over ATM Networks
16.3.1 Video Bitrates over ATM
16.3.2 ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
16.3.3 MPEG-2 Convergence to ATM
16.3.4 Multicast Over ATM
16.4 Transport of MPEG-4
16.4.1 DMIF- MPEG-4
16.4.2 MPEG -4 over IP
16.5 Median-on- Demand
16.5.1 Interactive TV (ITV) and Set - Top - Box (STB)
16.5.2 Broadcast Schemes for Video-on-Demand
16.5.3 Buffer Management
16.6 Further Exploration
16.7 Exercises
16.8 References
17. Wireless Networks
17.1 Wireless networks
17.1.1 Analog Wireless Networks
17.1.2 Digital Wireless Networks
17.1.3 TDMA and GSM
17.1.4 Spread Spectrum and CDMA
17.1.5 Analysis of CDMA
17.1.6 3G Digital Wireless networks
17.1.7 Wireless LAN (WLAN)
17.2 Radio Propagation Models
17.2.1 Multipath Fading
17.2.2 Path Loss
17.3 Multimedia Over Wireless Networks
17.3.1 Synchronization Loss
17.3.2 Error Resilient Entropy Encoding
17.3.3 Error Concealment
17.3.4 Forward Error Correction (FEC)
17.3.5 Trends in Wireless Interactive Multimedia
17.4 Further Exploration
17.5 Exercises
17.6 References
18. Content- Based Retrieval in Digital Libraries
18.1 How Should We Retrieve Images
18.2 C-BIRD - A Case Study
18.2.1 C-Bird GUI
18.2.2 Color Histogram
18.2.3 Color Density
18.2.4 Color Layout
18.2.5 Texture Layout
18.2.6 Search by Illumination Invariance
18.2.7 Search by Object Model
18.3 Synopsis of Currebt Image Search Systems
18.3.1 QBIC
18.3.2 UC Santa Barabara Engines
18.3.3 Berkeley Digital Library Project
18.3.4 Chabot
18.3.5 Blobworld
18.3.6 Columbia University Image Seekers
18.3.7 Informedia
18.3.8 MetaSEEK
18.3.9 Photobook and FourEyes
18.3.10 MARS
18.3.11 Virage
18.3.12 Viper
18.3.13 Visual Retrieval Ware
18.4 Relevance Feedback
18.4.1 MARS
18.4.2 IFind
18.5 Quantifying Results
18.6 Querying on Videos
18.7 Querying in Other Formats
18.8 Outlook for Content-Based Retrieval
18.9 Further Exploration
18.10 Exercises
18.11 References
BITS Pilani
Fundamentals of Multimedia
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Ze-Nian Li & Mark S. Drew
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