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Environmental studies Science Course - 8
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1. The Universe
1.1 The night Sky
1.1.1 Stars
1.1.2 Astronomical Distance
1.1.3 Constellations
1.1.4 Galaxies
1.2 Solar System
1.2.1 Planets and satellites
1.2.2 Comets
1.2.3 Important comets and their features
1.2.4 Meteors and meteorites
1.3 Artificial satellites
1.3.1 Uses of artificial satellites
1.3.2 Space exploration
1.3.3 Space programme in india
2.Hydrostatics
2.1 Thrust and pressure
2.1.1 Pressure at a point in aliquid
2.2 Fluid Pressure
2.2.1 Atmospheric Pressure
2.2.2 Measurement of atmospheric pressure
2.2.3 Manometer
2.2.4 U tube manometer - measurement of air or gas pressure
2.2.5 Measurement of fluid pressure using U tube manometer
2.2.6 Aneroid barometer
2.2.7 Fortin's barometer
2.3 Archimedes' Principle
2.3.1 Experimental verification of Archimedes' principle
2.3.2 Applications of Archimedes' Principle
2.3.3 Principle applied in the submarines
2.4 Floatation
2.4.1 Laws of floatation
2.4.2 Experiment to verify the first law of floatation
2.4.3 Plimsoll lines
2.5 Hare's Apparatus
2.5.1 To determine the relative density of a liquid using Hare's apparatus
2.6 Hydrometers
2.6.1 Constant immersion hydrometer
2.6.2 Variable immersion hydrometer
3. Air
3.1 Air - Atmosphere
3.2 Importance of air
3.3 Air as a mixture
3.4 Seperating mixture of air
3.5 Importance of nitrogen for all forms of life
3.5.1 Brief note about nitrogen cycle
3.6 Air Pollution
3.7 Prevention of air pollution
3.8 Green house effect
3.9 Acid rain
4. Transformation of Substances
4.1 Physical Changes and Chemical Changes
4.2 Characteristics of chemical reactions
4.3 Condition for chemical reactions
4.4 Identification of chemical reactions
4.5 Purification of substances
4.6 Distillation
4.7 Important physical properties
4.7.1 Melting and boiling points
4.8 Types of chemical reactions
4.8.1 Decomposition
4.8.2 Displacement
4.8.3 Neutralisation
4.8.4 Oxidation and reduction
5. Atomic Structure
5.1 Atoms as the building blocks of matter
5.2 Composition of atom
5.2.1 Electron
5.2.2 Proton
5.2.3 Neutron
5.3 Neutral character of atoms
5.4 Structure of atom
5.4.1 Nuclear part
5.4.2 Extra nuclear part
5.5 Model of an atom
5.5.1 Dalton model
5.5.2 J. J. Thomson model
5.6 Significance of atomic number, mass number and isotopes
5.6.1 Atomic Number
5.6.2 Mass Number
5.6.3 Isotopes
5.7 Valency of elements
5.8 Composition of atoms of the first twenty elements
6. Metals and Nonmetals
6.1 Characteristics of metals and nonmetals
6.1.1 Physical properties of metals and nonmetals
6.1.2 Chemical properties
6.2 Uses of metals and non metals
6.3 Noble metals and their uses
6.3.1 Malleability and ductility of Noble metals
6.4 Alloys
6.5 Purity of gold
6.6 Corrosion of iron and its prevention
7. Carbon
7.1 Carbon in the earth crust
7.2 Atmosphere and living organism
7.3 Allotropy
7.3.1 Structure of graphite and diamond
7.3.2 Properties and uses of graphite and diamond
7.4 Fullerenes - Nature of carbon
7.5 Carbondioxide
7.5.1 Preparation of carbondioxide
7.5.2 Properties of carbondioxide
7.5.3 Uses of carbondioxide
7.6 Methane
8. Centre of Gravity, Simple Machines and Friction
8.1 Centre of gravity
8.2 Centre of gravity of regular objects
8.2.1 Determination of centre of gravity of a uniform rod
8.2.2 Centre of gravity of various bodies
8.3 Stability
8.3.1 Some examples of stability of objects
8.4 Stable and unstable equilibrium
8.4.1 Types of equilibrium
8.5 Simple machines
8.5.1 Mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
8.5.2 relation between Mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
8.5.3 Levers
8.5.4 Classification of levers
8.6 pulleys
8.6.1 Single fixed pulley
8.6.2 Single movable pulley
8.6.3 Block of pulleys
8.7 Inclined plane
8.7.1 Experiment to find Mechanical advantage of the inclined plane
8.8 Friction
8.8.1 Factors affecting friction
8.8.2 Sliding friction
8.8.3 Rolling Friction
8.8.4 Advantages of Friction
8.8.5 Disadvantages of Friction
8.8.6 Control of Friction
9. Light
9.1 Refraction of Light
9.1.1 Refraction through a glass slab
9.2 Why refraction occurs? - Explanation
9.2.1 velocity of light in different media
9.2.2 Refractive index
9.3 Dispersion of light
9.3.1 Spectrum
9.4 Lenses
9.4.1 Definitions of the terms used in lenses
9.4.2 A few drawbacks of focusing effect of a convex lens
9.5 Applications of lenses
9.5.1 Simple microscope
9.5.2Compound microscope
9.5.3 Telescope
9.5.4 Camera
9.6 The human eye
9.7 The defects of the eye
9.7.1 Short sight or Myopia
9.7.2 Long sight or hypermetropia
10. Magnetism and Electricity
10.1 Magnetism
10.1.1 Lodestone
10.1.2 Bar Magnet
10.1.3 Properties of Magnet
10.1.4 Magnetic lines of force
10.1.5 Compass Needle
10.2 Magnetic induction
10.2.1 Methods of magnetisation
10.2.2 Methods of demagnetisation
10.2.3 Earth's magnetic Field
10.3 Molecular theory of magnetism
10.4 Simple electric circuits
10.4.1 Electricity
10.4.2 Electric current
10.4.3 Simple Electric Circuit
10.4.4 Series and parallel circuits
10.5 Magnetic properties of current carrying conductors
10.5.1 Oersted's Experiment
10.5.2 Right hand thumb rule
10.5.3 Magnetic field due to current in a straight conductor
10.5.4 Magnetic field due to a circular coil
10.5.5 Electromagnets
10.5.6 The Electric Bell
10.6 Electromagnetic Induction
10.6.1 Faraday;s Experiment
11. Sources of Energy
11.1 Solar Energy
11.1.1 Production of energy in the sun
11.1.2 Conversion of solar energy into hydro and wind energy
11.1.3 Wind Energy
11.2 Hydro - electric energy
11.2.1 Hydro electric power stations in Tamilnadu
11.2.2 Bicycle dynamo
11.2.3 Thermal power plants
11.3 Nuclear energy
11.3.1 The production of nuclear energy
11.3.2 Nuclear fission
11.3.3 Nuclear reactor
11.3.4 Atom bomb
11.3.5 Nuclear reactors in India
11.3.6 Nuclear Fusion
12. Levels of Organisation
12.1 Basics of classification
12.1.1 Need for classification
12.1.2 Plant kingdom and animal kingdom
12.1.3 Viruses and bacteria - position
12.1.4 Carolus Linnaeus and his contribution
12.2 Five Kingdoms Concept
12.2.1 Conventional Types of Classification
12.2.2 General Characters of Five Kingdoms
12.3 Classification of Angiosperms
12.3.1 Types of Classification
12.3.2 An outline of Bentham and Hooker's System
12.3.3 Merits of Bentham and Hooker's System
12.3.4 Taxonomic hierarchy - importance
12.4 Animal Phyla
12.4.1 Phylum Protozoa
12.4.2 Class Pisces
12.5 Binomial Nomenclature
12.5.1 Definition and History
12.5.2 Necessity for Binomial - Nomenclature
12.5.3 Scientific names/ vernacular names.
12.5.4 Generic name specific epithet
13. Bio Diversity
13.1 Monera
13.1.1 Flagella, Grams stains - Gram positive and negative, Bacterial cellwall, cell size, types
13.2 General Features of Protista
13.2.1 General features of protista
13.2.2 Structure of paramecium
13.3 Fungi
13.3.1 General features of fungi
13.3.2 Vegetative structure
13.3.3 Reproduction
13.4 Cryptogams
13.4.1 Introduction and General Features of cryptogams
13.4.2 Structure of the Sporophyte
13.4.3 Fertilization
13.4.5 Spirogyra
13.5 Cockroach
13.5.1 A general study of the anatomy
14. Structural Organisation
14.1 Fundamental Tissue system in plants
14.1.1 Definition
14.1.2 Types of tissues and their functions
14.1.3 Fundamental tissue systems in stem root and leaf
14.1.4 Extra stellar and intra stellar
14.2 Vascular Tissue System in plants
14.2.1 Definition and Constituents of this system
14.2.2 Concept of stele
14.2.3 Xylem and its function
14.2.4 Phloem and its functions
14.3 Digestive System - Human
14.3.1 Organs of digestive system
14.3.2 Process of Digestion
14.3.3 Absorption of food
14.4 Respiratory System - Human
14.4.1 Respiratory syste
14.4.2 Structure of respiratory pathway and lungs
14.4.3 Structure of Alveoli
14.4.4 Mechanism of respiration
14.4.5 Exchange of Gases
14.5 Circulatory System - Human
14.5.1 Blood - Structure and function
14.5.2 Structure of the Heart
14.5.3 The Blood Vessels
14.6 Human Nervous system
14.6.1 Neuron - Structure and its functioning
14.6.2 Central coordination system
14.6.3 Types of Nervous system
14.6.4 Central nervous system
14.7 Skeletal System
14.7.1 Types of Skeletal System
14.7.2 Axial Skeleton
14.7.3 Appendicular Skeleton
14.8 Human Reproductive System
14.8.1 Male Reproductive System Organs
14.8.2 Testis - Function Spermatogenesis
14.8.3 Female Reproductive System Organs
15. Our Environment
15.1 Waste Management
15.1.1 Sewage management and disposal
15.1.2 Microrganisms involved
15.1.3 Steps in the treatment of sewage
15.1.4 Role of earthworm in decomposition
15.2 Fresh water resources
15.2.1 Composition of Water
15.2.2 Different types and forms of water
15.2.3 Sources of water
15.2.4 importance of Ground Water
15.3 Vegetation Types
15.3.1 types in relation to climate
15.3.2 Climate regions of India
15.3.3 Forest
15.3.4 Grass land Vegetation
15.3.5 Vegetation of seashore
15.4 Global problems
15.4.1 Demography
15.4.2 Health hazards environment
15.4.3 Eutrophication
15.4.4 Nature conservation
15.4.5 Prevention of pollution
16. Application Biology
16.1 Mushroom Cultivation
16.1.1 Edible and Poisonous mushrooms
16.1.2 Preparation of spawns
16.1.3 Wet preparation and inoculation
16.1.4 Cultivation and Harvesting
16.1.5 Antidiuretic properties, protein richness, fruit fibres
16.1.6 Types of food
16.2 Sericulture
16.2.1 Host Plants - Mulberry
16.2.2 Extraction of silk
16.2.3 Silk in textile industry
16.2.4 Diseases of silkworms
16.3 Fisheries
16.3.1 capture fishery and culture fishery
16.3.2 Fish Culture
16.3.3 Food value of fishery products
16.3.4 Methods of prawn culture
16.3.5 Oyster culture
16.3.6 Pearl-oyster culture
16.3.7 Aquaculture as an industry
16.4 Poultry
16.4.1 Silver Revolution
16.4.2 Breeds of Fowl
16.4.3 Egg and its importance
16.4.4 Maintainance of a Poultry Farm at Home
16.4.5 Poultry Feed and its Importance
16.4.6 Poultry Diseases
16.4.7 Poultry Industry in Tamil Nadu
16.5 Livestock Management
16.5.1 Cattle Rearing
16.5.2 Indigenous and Exotic Varieties
16.5.3 Various breeds of Livestock
16.5.4 Nutritional Value of milk
16.5.5 Dairy Products
16.5.6 Pasteurisation
16.6 Tissue Culture
16.6.1 Importance
16.6.2 Methods
16.6.3 Application
16.6.4 Gene cloning methods
16.6.5 Application of gene cloning
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