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Environmental Science I & II - 7
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CHAPTER - 1
1. MEASUREMENT
1.1 Indirect methods for the measurement of length
1.1.1 Measurement of thickness of awire
1.1.2 Measurement of diameter of a cylinder
1.2 Determination of area of regular and irregular surfaces
1.2.1 Measurement of Area
1.2.2 One metre square
1.2.3 Measurement of area of a regular surface
1.2.4 Measurement of an irregular flat surface
1.3 Measurement of volume
1.3.1 Unit of volume
1.3.2 Measurement of volume of regular solids
1.3.3 Measurement of volume of liquids
1.4 Volume of Irregularly shaped solids
1.4.1 Measuring cylinder method
1.4.2 Over- flow jar method
1.4.3 To find the volume of lead shots using measuring jar
1.4.4 To find the volume of irregular solid which floats in water
1.5 Density and its determination
1.5.1 Density
1.5.2 Determination of Density
1.6 Measurement of time
1.7 Simple Pendulum
CHAPTER - 2
2. WATER
2.1 Importance of water for sustaining life
2.1.1 Sources of water
2.2 Different states of water and their interchangeability
2.2.1 Water as a solvent
2.3 Water cycle in nature
2.4 Water Pollution
2.4.1 Causes of Water Pollution
2.4.2 Prevention of water pollution
2.5 Composition of water
2.5 (a) Discovery of Water
2.5 (b) Experiment to find the volumetric composition of water
2.5.1 Physical properties
2.5.2 Density and volume of water and ice
2.6 Salinity of sea water
2.6.1 Conversion of sea water (saline water ) into potable water
2.6.2 Water treatments
2.7 Rain water Harvesting
CHAPTER - 3
3. STRUCTURE OF MATTER
3.1 Three physical states of matter
3.2 Interchangeability of different states of matter
3.2.1 Solid - liquid
3.2.2 Liquid - gas
3.2.3 Solid - gas
3.2.4 Gas - liquid
3.2.5 Liquid - Solid
3.3 Element
3.3.1 Name and symbols of elements
3.3.2 Names of elements deriveed ffrom latin, Greek & German
3.3.3 Alchemy - Explanation
3.4 Compound
3.4.1 Water is a compound
3.4.2 Compounds in daily Use Bleaching Powder
3.5 Mixtures
Differences between mixtures and compounds
CHAPTER - 4
4. Acids Bases and Salts
4.1 Acids
4.1.1 Acids used in our day to day life and their sources
4.1.2 Some common acids ( mineral acids or inorganic acids) used in laboratories.
4.1.3 Physical properties
4.1.4 Chemical properties
4.2 Bases
4.2.1 Some common bases used in daily life
4.2.2 Physical properties
4.2.3 Chemical Properties
4.2.4 Caustic Nature of alkalis
4.2.5 Preparation of slaked lime from quick lime
4.2.6 Differences between acids and bases
4.3 Salts
4.3.1 Classification of salts
4.3.2 Salt formation
4.3.3 Partial Neutralisation
4.3.4 Uses of salts
CHAPTER - 5
5. Heat
5.1 Sources of heat energy
5.2 Heat and temperature
5.3 Effects of heat
5.3.1 Thermal expansion of solids
5.3.2 Bi - Metal Strip
5.3.3 Comparison of thermal expansion of liquids
5.3.4 Anomalous expansion of water
5.4 Effect of heat on living organisms
5.4.1 The effect of temperature in other planets
5.4.2 Animals and plants in polar region
5.5 Change of state
5.6 Thermometer
5.6.1 Reasons for using mercury as a thermometric liquid
5.6.2 Clinical thermometer
5.7 Measurement of heat energy
5.8 Heat capacity
Specific Heat capacity
Use of water as a coolant
5.9 Transfer of Heat
5.9.1 Conduction of heat in solids
5.9.2 Convection
5.9.3 Radiation
5.10 Conductors and insulators
5.10.1 Uses of good conductors
5.10.2 Uses of insulators (or) bad conductors
5.11 Thermos flask
CHAPTER - 6
6.1 Rectilinear propagation of light
6.1.1 Experiment to show that light travels in a straight line
6.1.2 Velocity of light
6.1.3 Pin hole camera
6.2 Formation of shadows
6.2.1 Formation of shadows - Umbra and Penumbra
6.3 Eclipses
6.4 Reflection of light
6.4.1 Regular reflection
6.4.2 Irregular reflection
6.4.3 Reflection from a plane mirror
6.4.4 Laws of reflection
6.4.5 Properties of images formed by plane mirrors.
6.5 Uses of plane mirrors
6.5.1 Periscope
6.6 Spherical Mirrors
6.6.1 Definition of the terms used in spherical mirrors
6.6.2 Images formed in Spherical mirrors
6.6.3 Images formed by concave mirrors
6.6.4 Images formed by a convex mirror
6.6.5 Uses of spherical mirrors
6.7 Effect of light on plants
CHAPTER - 7
7. Sound
7.1 Vibration as a source of sound
7.1.2 Vibrations of a tuning fork
7.2 Audible and inaudible sounds
7.2.1 Speech
7.2.2 Hearing
7.3 Propagation of sound
7.3.1 Sound needs a medium to travel - Experiment
7.3.2 Propagation of sound in gases
7.3.3 Propagation of sound through liquids
7.3.4 Propagation of sound in water
7.3.5 Velocity of sound
7.4 Reflection of sound
7.4.1 Experimentation on reflection of sound
7.4.2 Echo
7.4.3 Uses of Echoes
7.5 Lightning and thunder
7.5.1 Lightning formation
7.5.2 Thunder formation
7.6 Music and Noise
7.6.1 Sources of Noise pollution
7.6.2 Differences between musical sounds and noise
7.7 Musical instruments
7.7.1 Characteristics of musical sounds
7.7.2 Musical Instruments
7.7.3 The benefits of music in our life
CHAPTER - 8
8.1 Conductors and Insulators
8.1.1 Structure of an atom
8.1.2 Charging of bodies
8.2 Types of charges
8.2.1 Force between two charges
8.3 Charging of bodies
8.3.1 Charging by friction
8.3.2 Charging by conduct
8.3.3 Charging by induction
8.4 Charging and discharging of clouds
8.4.1 Lightning conductor
8.5 Simple electroscope
CHAPTER - 9
9. Levels of Organisation
9.1 Cellular level of organisation
9.1.1 Cell as the basic fundamental unit of life
9.1.2 Different types of cells
9.1.3 Organization of an animal cell and a plant cell
9.1.4 Size of cells
9.1.5 Single celled organisms
9.1.6 Multicellular organisms
9.2 Organisation at tissue level
9.2.1 Organisation of tissues in plants and animals
9.2.2 Functions of tissues
9.2.3 Growth and transformation of tissues
9.3 Organs
9.3.1 Different organs in a multicellular organism
9.3.2 Organisation of an organ with different tissues to perform specific function
9.3.3 Functioning of organs
9.4 Organ system
9.4.1 Different types of organ systems
9.4.2 Circulatory system
9.4.3 Muscular system
9.4.4 Root system
9.4.5 Shoot system
9.5 Species
9.6 Population
9.6.1 Differences in the population strength of various organisms
9.6.2 Factors responsible for population strength
9.7 Community
9.7.1 Biotic Communities
9.7.2 Organization
9.7.3 Components of a community
9.7.4 Fresh water community
9.7.5 Terrestrial and Aerial community
CHAPTER - 10
10. Bio Diversity
10.1 Non vascular bryophytes
10.1.1 Gametophyte - Riccia
10.1.2 Vegetative reproduction
10.1.3 Sexual reproduction
10.1.4 Sporophyte
10.2 Nephrolepis
10.2.1 Vascular structure - Pteridophyte - Nephrolepis
10.2.2 Sporophyte
10.2.3 Gametophyte
10.2.4 Life cycle of fern
10.3 Organisation of animals Cockroach
10.3.1 Morphology
10.3.2 Digestive system
10.3.3 Cockroach - Reproductive system
10.3.4 Frog - External Morphology
10.3.5 Frog - Digestive system
10.3.6 Urinogenital system of male frog
10.4 Nutrition in plants and animals
10.4.1 Autotrophs
10.4.2 Heterotrophs
10.4.3 Insectivorous Plants
10.4.4 Intracellular digestion and extra cellular digestion
10.5 Habitat diversity
10.5.1 Introduction
10.5.2 Aquatic plants
10.5.3 Aquatic animals
10.5.4 Terrestrial plants
10.5.5 Terrestrial animals
CHAPTER - 11
11. Structural Organisation
11.1 Cell theory
11.1.1 History of cell studies
11.1.2 Types of cell
11.2 Tissues
11.2.1 Simple tissue
11.2.2 Complex tissues
11.3 Animal Tissues
11.3.1 Tissue concept
11.3.2 Types of tissues
11.4 Dermal systems in plants
11.4.1 Types of tissue systems in a plant
11.4.2 Dermal systems - definition and function
11.4.3 Epidermis - stomata - bark
11.4.4 Hairy outgrowths on stems and roots
11.5 Dermal system in animals
11.5.1 Skin in man
11.5.2 integumental modifications
CHAPTER - 12
12. Our Environment
12.1 Biosphere
12.1.1 Living components of Biosphere
12.1.2 Non -living components of biosphere
12.1.3 Structure of biosphere
12.2 Energy flow
12.2.1 Food Chain
12.2.2 Biotic Components
12.2.3 Introduction to ecological pyramids
12.2.4 Food web
12.2.5 Energy transfer
12.3 Adaptations of plants and animals
12.3.1 Adaptations of hydrophytes
12.3.2 Adaptations of Xerophytes
12.3.3 Aquatic adaptations of fish
12.3.4 Terrestrial adaptations in Cockroach
12.4 Animal - Plants association
12.4.1 Inter - relationship between plants
12.4.2 Parasitism
12.4.3 Commensalism
12.4.4 Symbiosis
12.4.5 Leech
12.5 Wild life and its management
12.5.1 Wild life and ecosystem
12.5.2 Role of Government in conserving wild life
12.6 Pollution
12.6.1 Air Pollution
12.6.2 Water pollution
12.6.3 Land pollution
12.6.4 Noise pollution
CHAPTER - 13
13. Applied Biology
13.1 Pests and their management
13.1.1 House pests
13.1.2 Pests of stored food grains
13.1.3 Pests of Agricultural crops
13.2 Timber yielding plants
13.2.1 Uses of wood
13.2.2 Sandal wood
13.2.3 Teak wood
13.2.4 Forest fires
13.3 Apiculture - beekeeping
13.3.1 Artificial beehive
13.3.2 Rearing of bees
13.3.3 Products from apiculture
13.4 Needs of vermiculture
13.4.1 Vermiculture technology
13.4.2 Advantages of Vermiculture
13.5 Spices yielding plants
13.5.1 Spices from underground parts
13.5.2 Spices from barks
13.5.3 Spices from flower buds
13.5.4 Spices from fruits
13.5.5 Spices from seeds
13.5.6 Vegetable oils
13.6 Ornamental fishes
13.6.1 Aquarium and relaxation
13.6.2 maintenance of ornamental fishes
CHAPTER - 14
14. Health and Hygiene
14.1 Health and hygiene
14.1.1 Vitamins and mineral plants
14.1.2 Types of vitamins - sources and uses
14.2 Food deficiency diseases
14.2.1 Protein deficiency
14.2.2 Nutritional diseases in human
14.2.3 Balanced diet
14.2.4 Toxicology
14.3 Dental care and oral hygiene
14.3.1 Structure and arrangement of teeth
14.3.2 Care of teeth
14.3.3 Tooth of disease
14.3.4 Gums pyorrhoea
14.3.5 Halitosis
14.3.6 Mumps
14.4 Zoonotic diseases
14.4.1 Men and animal relation - pets.
14.4.2 Diseases caused by animals
14.4.3 Protection from zoonotic diseases
14.4.4 Protection of pet animals
14.5 Food Poisoning
14.5.1 Factors causing food poisoning
14.5.2 Food Poisoning and health
14.5.3 Food adulterants
14.5.4 Spoilage of food
14.5.5 Food preservation - various methods
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