Botany - Mains
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1. Microbiology and plant pathology:
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2. Cryptogams
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3. Phanerogams
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Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnosperms; Classification and distribution of gymnosperms
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Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction
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General account of Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales
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Geological time scale; Type of fossils and their study techniques.
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Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and phylogeny.
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Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature;
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Numerical taxonomy and chemotaxonomy
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Evidence from anatomy, embryology and palynology
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Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems of classification of angiosperms
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Study of angiospermic families – Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae, Arecaceae, Lilia
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Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual secondary growth
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Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem differentiation
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Wood anatomy. Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization;
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Endosperm - its development and function; Patterns of embryo development; Polyembroyony and apomixes;
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Applications of palynology; Experimental embryology including pollen storage and test-tube fertilization.
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4. Plant Resource Development
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Domestication and introduction of plants; Origin of cultivated plants; Vavilov’s centres of origin
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Plants as sources for food, fodder, fibre, spices, beverages, edible oils, drugs, narcotics, insecticides, timber, gums, resins and dyes, latex, cellulose, starch and its products
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Perfumery; Importance of Ethnobotany in Indian context; Energy plantations; Botanical Gardens and Herbaria.
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Morphogenesis:
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1. Cell Biology:
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Techniques of cell biology; Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells - structural and ultrastructural details
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Structure and function of extracellular matrix (cell wall), membranescell adhesion, membrane transport and vesicular transport;
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Structure and function of cell organelles (chloroplasts, mitochondria, ER, dictyosomes ribosomes, endosomes, lysosomes, peroxisomes);
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Cytoskelaton and microtubules; Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex; Chromatin and nucleosome;
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Cell signalling and cell receptors; Signal transduction;
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Mitosis and meiosis; Molecular basis of cell cycle; Numerical and structural variations in chromosomes and their significance;
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Chromatin organization and packaging of genome;
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Polytene chromosomes; B-chromosomes – structure, behaviour and significance.
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2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution:
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3. Plant Breeding, Biotechnology and Biostatistics:
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Methods of plant breeding – introduction, selection and hybridization (pedigree, backcross, mass selection, bulk method);
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Mutation, polyploidy, male sterility and heterosis breeding; Use of apomixes in plant breeding; DNA sequencing;
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Genetic engineering – methods of transfer of genes; Transgenic crops and biosafety aspects;
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Development and use of molecular markers in plant breeding;
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Tools and techniques - probe, southern blotting, DNA fingerprinting, PCR and FISH.
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Standard deviation and coefficient of variation (CV);
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Tests of significance (Z-test, ttest and chi-square test); Probability and distributions (normal, binomial and Poisson); Correlation and regression.
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4. Physiology and Biochemistry:
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Water relations, mineral nutrition and ion transport, mineral deficiencies;
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Photosynthesis – photochemical reactions; photophosphorylation and carbon fixation pathways;
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C3, C4 and CAM pathways; Mechanism of phloem transport
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Respiration (anerobic and aerobic, including fermentation) – electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation;
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Photorespiration; Chemiosmotic theory and ATP synthesis; Lipid metabolism;
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Nitrogen fixation and nitrogen metabolism; Enzymes, coenzymes; Energy transfer and energy conservation;
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Importance of secondary metabolites; Pigments as photoreceptors (plastidial pigments and phytochrome);
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Plant movements; Photoperiodism and flowering, vernalization, senescence; Growth substances – their chemical nature, role and applications in agri-horticulture;
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Growth indices, growth movements; Stress physiology (heat, water, salinity, metal);
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Fruit and seed physiology;
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Dormancy, storage and germination of seed; Fruit ripening – its molecular basis and manipulation.
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5. Ecology and Plant Geography:
